Diabetes is a condition where there is too much glucose (sugar) in the blood. Glucose is the main source of energy for our bodies and comes from the food we eat.

Insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas, which acts as a key to allow glucose (sugar) to pass from the blood stream into the body cells to provide energy for day to day living.

Diabetes develops when the pancreas is either unable to make insulin or the insulin produced is unable to work effectively. Without insulin doing its job, glucose builds up in the blood stream leading to high blood glucose levels.

 

Types of diabetes

Type 1

Type 1 diabetes previously known as insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes, occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin. People with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections for life, a healthy eating plan and regular physical activity. Most children with diabetes have type 1 diabetes, but it can have its onset in adult life.

 

Type 2

People with type 2 diabetes produce insufficient insulin and the insulin produced does not work effectively. Type 2 diabetes often responds to a healthy eating plan, appropriate exercise and weight reduction, but sometimes tablets and then later, insulin may be required. Type 2 diabetes previously known as non-insulin dependent diabetes, usually affects people over the age of 40, may run in families and may be associated with being overweight – although there are some exceptions. Increasingly type 2 diabetes is being seen in younger people and teenagers, associated with being overweight and inactive

 

Other types of diabetes

Other types of diabetes are rare and can be associated with genetics disorders, medications and conditions that damage the pancreas. These types of diabetes are often called secondary diabetes.

 

Why does type 1 diabetes occur?

People with type 1 diabetes have a genetic predisposition that makes them more likely to develop diabetes. It remains unknown why the immune system starts damaging the insulin producing cells of the pancreas in genetically susceptible people. It has been suggested that a trigger is needed for the immune system to start damaging the pancreas.

 

These triggers are believed to be factors in the environment, which are still not fully understood. It is thought that the trigger may be different for different people.

 

Once triggered, the body’s immune system, which normally protects us from infection, begins to attack the insulin producing cells (beta cells) of the pancreas. The immune system thinks that the beta cells are foreign to the body and starts to destroy them, causing a decrease in insulin production. It can take from a few weeks to many years for all of the beta cells to be destroyed.

 

The pancreas has many beta cells to spare, so symptoms of diabetes do not occur until more than 90% of the cells have been destroyed.

 

Signs and symptoms

When type 1 diabetes develops blood glucose levels may rise up to five to ten times the normal level. Excess glucose spills over into the urine, drawing water with it and causing frequent urination and dehydration. Thirst increases as the body tries to compensate and an unquenchable thirst results. Excessive tiredness and mood changes are common.

The body is unable to use glucose from food for energy and starts to break down fat and muscle leading to weight loss over weeks or months. The breakdown of fat causes chemicals, known as ketones, to accumulate in the blood, resulting in abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. If undetected, glucose and ketone levels become very high in the blood stream with severe dehydration and loss of salts from the body. This is called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and coma may occur.

 

Common Signs and Symptoms

Going to the toilet frequently to pass urine

Excessive thirst and drinking a lot of fluids

Weight loss

Tiredness

Mood changes

Other Signs and Symptoms

Skin infections

Oral or vaginal thrush

Abdominal pain

Excess hunger

In babies and young infants, signs and symptoms may be less easily detected.Ketones

When BGLs are high (more than 15 mmol/L) or when your child is sick it’s important to test for ketones. Ketones are acids in the blood formed when body fat is used instead of glucose to provide energy. Ketones are a sign that things are out of balance and your child may be at risk of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).

 

How is type 1 diabetes diagnosed?

To determine the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, your doctor will perform a test for blood glucose levels and a urine test for glucose and ketones. High levels of glucose and ketones (in the blood and urine) are highly suggestive of type 1 diabetes. It is important not to delay the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, as it can be life threatening if left untreated.

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